The Rag and Bone Shop

I must lie down where all the ladders start,
In the foul rag-and-bone shop of the heart.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　－W. B. Yeats

七歲的Alicia被謀殺了，而12歲的Jason是Alicia最後見面的人－除了兇手之外。
警方找來一位從來沒有失敗過的訊問官(interrogator)，Trent，來"偵訊"Jason。
當他們兩人面對面時，Trent希望，或是確信，"真相"就會大白，這就是"偵訊"的目的：
找出真相，不是嗎？不過真相是什麼呢？而真相背後的真實又是...？

這篇故事，書名是借用愛爾蘭詩人葉慈(W. B. Yeats)的詩"The Circus Animals' Desertion"的最後兩句「我必得躺在所有梯子起始之處，在心中污穢的破布與骨頭的店舖。」這首詩於1938年寫出，收錄在1939年的選輯《最後的詩》中。葉慈在這裡感傷失去靈感的悲哀，認為他以前能夠寫出好詩的靈感都因年老而不受控制並離他遠去。(弔詭的是，葉慈在這首好詩中感嘆他已經寫不出好詩。)最後他體認到唯有正視自己內心的所有感覺，不論他們有多麼骯髒污穢，才有可能追回那已經逝去的靈感來源。

訊問官Trent在書中引用這兩句詩，說明自己的工作就是去挖掘犯人心中最骯髒齷齪的地方，如同聽取罪人告解的神父一般。不過不同的是神父給予罪人的是赦免(absolution)，讓罪人無罪的(innocently)走出教堂；而訊問官唯一能給的則是起訴罪犯，交由法官來審判。Trent在職業生涯上的成績是"全勝無敗"，只要他出馬，不管是再難纏再嘴硬的罪犯，必定會一步步走入Trent所設好的心理陷阱中，最後則是俯首認罪，將犯案過程一一吐實，不管原因或過程有多麼醜惡不堪...

如同另一部浦澤直樹(Naoki Urasawa)的漫畫"Monster"中的倫克警官一樣，未嚐一敗的Trent一開始接到案子的時候，就認為Jason有罪，是殺害Alicia的 兇手。所以所有的心理邏輯推演和陷阱，都只有一個目的：讓Jason承認他殺害了Alicia。一邊利誘，一邊用成人的權威(authority)，將Jason一步步的逼入死角，讓Jason自己都產生困惑："我否認"就等於"不道德"，即使Jason真的沒有做這件事。

Robert Cormier擅長在他的青少年小說中探討"權力的濫用"，"局外人(the outsider)"，以及成年人對於年輕的"懷鄉情緒(nostalgia)"等等議題。他的小說裡面最常出現的情境常常是主角自問：「如果不是這樣的話...」("What if....")他自己也承認，很多時候他想起小時候或是某個場景的時候也會自問"What if..."，而往往如此，他的靈感就源源不絕的跑出來。他不會顧慮到他寫的是"青少年小說"，而將他的故事披上粉紅色的外衣，所以他的故事基調往往是黑暗而又迷人的。

要是故事是全然的"真實"，那就不成為故事了，那應該叫做"新聞"。(雖然我們的"新聞"一點也不真實)，Robert Cormier就是不假修飾的寫出真實的情境，讓你完全進入他所設定好的場景，然後再加上幻想(fantasy)的元素，讓你驚呼："怎麼會這樣？！"我想就是因為Robert Cormier的故事是如此的"fascinatingly improbable"，所以才如此的吸引人吧。

"The Rag and Bone Shop"是Robert Cormier在1999年寫好而到2001年才出版，但是2000年他就去世了；也就是說他並沒有活著看到這本書出版，而這本小說也就是他最後的一部作品。巧合的是，在說出這兩句葉慈的詩句之後，這個案件也成為訊問官Trent最後的一個案件。而葉慈的"The Circus Animals' Desertion"是在1938年寫完，收錄在1939年出版的《最後的詩》選輯中，也是葉慈的最後一部作品。我在想，Robert Cormier選擇以葉慈的這首詩的詩句當書名的理由，難道是他也在自己的傑作中感傷自己再也寫不出好作品嗎？還是他也跟葉慈有同樣的體認，認為不管人的心裡有多麼骯髒與齷齪，只有正視它，才有可能瞭解自己，成為尼采所說Übermensch嗎？我想，這個真的只有Robert Cormier才知道了...

新鮮世／人腦下載、殖民火星...　未來世界大預言

新鮮世／人腦下載、殖民火星...　未來世界大預言

........

2050年之後

人腦可以下載。人類可以把腦中的思想，感覺和記憶全部下載到電腦儲存，最終甚至可以再把這些資料上傳到另一個人的大腦。



"Welcome to the world of Ghost in the Shell" －素子少佐－

The Circus Animals' Desertion
by William Butler Yeats


I

I sought a theme and sought for it in vain,
I sought it daily for six weeks or so.
Maybe at last, being but a broken man,
I must be satisfied with my heart, although
Winter and summer till old age began
My circus animals were all on show,
Those stilted boys, that burnished chariot,
Lion and woman and the Lord knows what.

II

What can I but enumerate old themes,
First that sea-rider Oisin led by the nose
Through three enchanted islands, allegorical dreams,
Vain gaiety, vain battle, vain repose,
Themes of the embittered heart, or so it seems,
That might adorn old songs or courtly shows;
But what cared I that set him on to ride,
I, starved for the bosom of his faery bride.

And then a counter-truth filled out its play,
'The Countess Cathleen' was the name I gave it;
She, pity-crazed, had given her soul away,
But masterful Heaven had intervened to save it.
I thought my dear must her own soul destroy
So did fanaticism and hate enslave it,
And this brought forth a dream and soon enough
This dream itself had all my thought and love.

And when the Fool and Blind Man stole the bread
Cuchulain fought the ungovernable sea;
Heart-mysteries there, and yet when all is said
It was the dream itself enchanted me:
Character isolated by a deed
To engross the present and dominate memory.
Players and painted stage took all my love,
And not those things that they were emblems of.

III

Those masterful images because complete
Grew in pure mind, but out of what began?
A mound of refuse or the sweepings of a street,
Old kettles, old bottles, and a broken can,
Old iron, old bones, old rags, that raving slut
Who keeps the till. Now that my ladder's gone,
I must lie down where all the ladders start
In the foul rag and bone shop of the heart.

Annotated version

To be a man

　"To be a man," my father said, wiping his cheeks,"is to look at the wreckage of your life and to confront it all without pity for yourself. Without alibis. And to go on. To endure－"

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　"Mine on Thursday", by Robert Comier

There is nothing I can't lose!


Thank you, D, for this good sentence; and J, for what you said always inspired me.

絕對是無心插柳
















沒想到手震也有意外的效果...

TNND的「候鳥計畫」

聽說我們實驗室要來兩個美國summer...

http://tw.news.yahoo.com/050623/43/1zkv1.html
五星級飯店招待台裔學子 國科會檢討

....而補助待遇問題，國科會補助每人新台幣 3萬5000元膳宿生活之用，另外聘雇單位還視財務情況給予每天1000元工作津貼(週休二日不算)，因此整個實習最高可領到 6萬元，比起台灣的研究所畢業生進入職場的待遇，算是相當優渥。

不過國科會的照顧美意卻也引起不少討論，國科會主委吳茂昆表示，原本只有50位台裔子弟的名額一下子擴增到 184人，負責受訓事宜的中山大學無承接這麼多人的膳宿事宜，因此轉包給旅行社處理，旅行社和南部五星級飯店有合作契約，可以較低的價格取得房間，所以才會落腳在這些五星級飯店。

而生活補助費過高的問題，吳茂昆說，據他了解，暑期在美國的研究單位實習， 2個月可拿到3000美元(新聞)，整個暑假可拿到5000美元，不過美國的生活消費不低，因此所得有限；而這些台裔子弟必需自付機票、自理膳宿；國科會當初只是單向的思考希望多照顧他們一點，畢竟他們未來在各領域將成為出類拔萃的份子，對台灣今後在國際舞台上發光發熱有一定的幫助。....


幹! 俺做到死也沒有60K/month. 最好去美國當summer student可以拿USD1500/month啦! 騙人不知道行情喔!! -_-凸!!

Are we living in 1984?

微軟中文網過濾敏感字眼　被批向中國網路審查低頭
http://www.ettoday.com/2005/06/14/334-1803587.htm


"MS is watching you."
　　　　　　　　　　by Age Ko'will

說推薦太沉重...


　　最近常常被人問起：「看你這麼常看書，都看些什麼啊？」

　　我通常的答案是：「奇幻小說。」

　　「奇幻小說？是像魔戒，哈利波特那種的嗎？」不知道是基於禮貌不要讓場面冷下來的提問，或是真的基於好奇而問的問題。
　　
　　「是啊。」言簡意賅。

　　「喔？真的啊？好像蠻有趣的，可以推薦幾本來看看嗎？」

　　呃，碰到這樣無厘頭的問題，我通常都會愣個３秒鐘，然後開始支支吾吾。「嗯...欸...喔...那個ＸＸＸ不錯，可是有點厚...啊？不習慣讀大部頭的書啊？有沒有比較屬於"入門級"的？呃...那個ＹＹＹ也很好玩...」

　　比較好的結果是等到下次見面問起：「那個上次推薦你看的ＸＸＸ還不錯吧？」然後換來對方一陣尷尬的沉默，還有比較直接的人就會說：「后！你上次推薦我看的那本好無聊，我一本還沒看完就看到睡著了。」然後換來我一陣尷尬的沉默...

　 　常常聽到一句話－「你的王道不等於我的王道。」是啊，每個人的價值觀都不一樣，我覺得有趣的，可能別人厭惡至極；我看到感動的要死然後哭的「梨花帶雨」 （好啦，我知道這是很噁心的形容詞，尤其用在男生身上），可是就是有人覺得很funny。我跟你又不是很熟，我怎麼知道我推薦給你的，會不會剛好是你討厭 到死掉的書系？
　　
　　書有百百本，人有萬萬種。拜託拜託，不要一聽到別人的興趣是「看書」，就一股腦的扒上來問：「你有沒有推薦的書啊？」

　　下次碰到這種問題，我的回答可能是《聖經》或是《波若波羅蜜多心經》。

A Feast for Crows－It's done！

Finally, A Feast for Crows is done...sort of...

等了N年，Robin Hobb阿姨連Twany Man Trilogy都出完了，
馬丁大叔終於把這A Song of Ice and Fire第四本A Feast for Crows給凹出來了。
出書日期未定，只能確定七月不會來，八月也不會來...Orz

不過因為書太厚(作者說會超過已經厚達1076頁的A Storm of Swords)，"為免造成裝訂困難"，
只得把北境與Westeros大陸外的劇情切到下一集A Dance with Dragons。

也就是說黑衣少狼主和小龍后將不會在第四集AFfC中出場～～嗚嗚～～

呃，這樣說來Bran和Arya的戲該不會也要等到下一本ADwD吧？！　
馬丁大叔你真是會吊人胃口啊～

總之，AFfC裡面就只能看到獅子和玫瑰在君臨城中鬥心機，冬恩在一旁虎視耽耽。三河流域則是群魔亂舞，不知道能不能看到苦情的Catelyn成功復仇？

唉呀唉呀～真是令人期待啊～～

作者自己對A Feast for Crows"縮水"的解釋

2005 第7屆 台北電影節

首頁
movie lists

閉幕片－決戰夜 Night Watch
http://www.tiff.org.tw/Programs/Opening.aspx
兩廳院售票網

Brave or Reckless?

Thank you for scheduling your exam with Prometric.

Your appointment request has been received and confirmed. For your records, your Confirmation Number is 8885000000399526.

Candidate's Name: Jui Su Program Name: TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language Exam Name: TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language Site Number: 8583 - TAIPEI, TAIWAN #3 Site Address: THE LANGUAGE TRAINING & TESTING CTR 9F, 31 CHUNG-HSIAO EAST ROAD, SEC 1 Site City: TAIPEI Site Phone #: 886223918055 Appointment Date: Saturday, September 17, 2005 Appointment Time: 12:30:00 PM Appointment Duration: 4:00 Exam Price: 130.00 USD Tax: 0.00 USD Balance: 130.00 USD E-mail: akirajacky@gmail.com

Dr.コトー診療所

"僕は、死亡診断書を書くために、この島に来たわけじゃありません。"
　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　－五島健助－

日 本，志木那島，一座風光明媚的離島，只不過有一間沒有任何醫生想要去的診療所，醫療水準低落到只要有急重症患者出現，除了後送到本島之外，就只能等死。島 上的居民，由於之前的駐島醫生不是敷衍了事，就是水準低落，因而不再信任任何醫生。某天，鄉公所課長從東京大學外科部請來了五島健助醫生駐島看診。驚訝於 本島與離島兩者之間醫療水準的落差之外，五島醫生還必須面對島民的不信任與敵視。五島醫生能夠扮演好志木那島診療所醫生的角色嗎？

一年前，電視看一次，VCD看一次，很感動。
一年之後，終於買到DVD，再看一次，還是很感動。

感動的是，五島醫生以醫生的身分對於患者的堅持。
感動的是，五島醫生以朋友的身分對於島民的付出。
感動的是，志木那島島民對於五島醫生的體諒與關懷。

可以讓我看這麼多次也感動這麼多次的日劇，除了Long Vacation和Love Generation之外，就是這個了。

我想在這部戲中不單單是五島醫生以醫生的身分拯救了許多志木那島島民。更重要的是，在志木那島上的經驗與島民的幫忙，反而回過頭來把五島醫生從他黑暗的過去中拯救出來。

唔，台灣的外島是不是也會有著一樣感人的故事呢？ Pondering...

可以comment了...


本來還以為是blogger不能給comment, 原來一切都是自己耍笨.
現在改好了, 請各位用力comment吧~~
(真的有人在看嗎?...Orz)

Spring is approaching...

http://www.wretch.cc/blog/joyfullife&article_id=1835541

喵~我聞到八卦的味道...

All About "Hana & Alice"...


我都不知道岩井俊二在花與愛麗絲裡面埋了這麼多小東西,
嗚...真懷疑當初在看的時候是不是睡著了. >_<

當初看到那句"我愛你"和蒼井優最後一幕的芭蕾舞，還感動的亂七八糟...

找時間再去看一次好了 :P

[2004金馬]朦朧、雙生花、青春殘像 - 花與愛麗絲(Hana & Alice)
[感想] 續‧花與愛麗絲的二三事
作者首頁：新‧龍貓森林

Editor的痛苦...

　最近在幫學長改英文，本以為會是一件不算太吃重的工作，沒想到真的做起來還真的是滿頭痛的。可能是自己英文也不夠好，常常越改越心虛；要不然就是卡在不知道學長在寫什麼的尷尬情況，所以最後的情況往往是要整句重寫...

（嗚...剛剛學長打電話來催稿...學長我不是故意要要拖稿的啊啊啊～）

　　自己最近寫的東西，會不會也讓別的editor遇到同樣的尷尬情形呢？想到這裡就開始冒冷汗...

（是的，Ｄ，我在懺悔...m(_ _)m ）

　　目前只能硬著頭皮去做了，至少今天晚上要把這份稿件改好還給學長。

有這個妹妹還是很好的...

http://www.wretch.cc/blog/joyfullife&article_id=1732119

碼的...害我看到眼睛在流汗...

CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (ULNAR NERVE AT ELBOW: A SENSORYAND MOTOR SYNDROME)
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 37:75-93 (2000)

　 　While focal entrapment of the ulnar nerve is an increasingly recognized cause of work-associated morbidity, the literature on these disorders in the occupational setting is sparse. Cubital tunnel syndrome is ulnar nerve entrapment at the medial aspect of the elbow. It is the second most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity after carpal tunnel syndrome [AAEM, 1999; Idler, 1996].

Epidemiology
　 　Two recent comprehensive reviews of the epidemiology of WMSDs [Hagberg et al., 1995; Bernard, 1997] did not assess studies of nerve entrapments in the upper extremity aside from carpal tunnel syndrome. While Hagberg and Silverstein [1995] stated that ulnar nerve entrapment in the elbow region (cubital tunnel syndrome) was the second most frequent upper extremity entrapment neuropathy, they did not review this disorder, stating that studies providing evidence of its work-relatedness are currently lacking. However, earlier and subsequent articles and texts provide some evidence of the work-relatedness. Specifc work related risk factors common to the cubital tunnel syndrome appear to be aggravating motions consisting of repetitive and sudden elbow flexion, and repeated trauma or pressure to the elbow at the ulnar groove [Feldman et al., 1983; Herrington and Morse, 1995; Gordon, 1995]. Job tasks associated with cubital tunnel syndrome include shoveling, hammering, lifting, manipulating handles of boring and punching machines, leaning on the elbow at a desk or work bench, working in tight places, digging, and use of hand saws or large power machinery [Feldman et al., 1983; Gordon, 1995; Blair, 1995].

Anatomy and Pathology
　 　The ulnar nerve originates from the inferior roots of the brachial plexus (C8-T1). Compressions of the nerve at given points along its course through the upper extremity give rise to the various nerve entrapment syndromes. While cubital tunnel is a general term used to describe localized entrapment of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, the site of entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the region of the elbow can occur in several locations including proximal to the elbow by the medial head of the triceps' "arcade of Struther's,'' at the elbow by the arcuate ligament, or in the mid-forearm by the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Precise localization of
entrapment is important if surgery is being contemplated [Hilburn, 1996].

Clinical Presentation
　 　Depending upon the severity of the entrapment, typical symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome include: (1) activityrelated numbness or paresthesias involving the 4th and 5th fingers; (2) pain in the medial aspect of the elbow and proximal forearm; (3) progressive inability to separate fingers, pick up small objects between the thumb and index finger; (4) loss of power grip and dexterity and, in severe cases, claw position of the ring and little fingers, hand fatigue and atrophy of the hypothenar and interosseous muscles [Idler, 1996; Feldman et al., 1983; Herrington and Morse, 1995; Blair, 1995]. As with carpal tunnel syndrome, symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome are often associated with nocturnal awakening.
　　 A variety of provocative tests have been suggested for use in diagnosing cubital tunnel syndrome. These include Tinel's sign (paresthesias in the fifth digit and medial half of the fourth digit when tapping over the ulnar nerve at the elbow), the elbow flexion test in which symptoms in digits 4 and/or 5 (paresthesias and/or numbness) develop following maximum flexion of the elbow with the forearm in supination and the wrist in neutral, and the pressure provocative test, in which pressure is applied proximal to the cubital tunnel with the elbow in 20 flexion and the forearm in supination [Novak et al., 1994].
　　Novak and colleagues [1994] evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of Tinel's sign over the cubital tunnel, the "pressure provocative test,'' and the elbow flexion test. The sensitivity and specificity of the Tinel's sign were 0.70 and 0.98, respectively. The sensitivity of the flexion test at 60 seconds was 0.75 and the specificity 0.99. The 60 second ressure test's sensitivity was 0.89, with a specificity of 0.98. A maneuver combining the elbow flexion test with maintaining local pressure over the cubital canal for 30 seconds, resulted in sensitivity=0.91, specificity=0.97, and ppv=0.93.
　　Tests of function in muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve may not always be impaired because of cross supply to these muscles by the median nerve. Clinical methods described to test the ulnar innervated intrinsic muscles of the hand include: abduction of the digits (with the IP joints in extension) against resistance; flexion of the fifth digit DIP joint against resistance; difficulty in adducting the fifth digit while it is in extension (Wartenberg's sign); inability to properly cross the index and middle fingers (Scott Earle test); and inability to pinch index and thumb tips together firmly without sharp flexion of the DIP joint (positive Froment's sign) [Idler, 1996]. The "late'' signs include wasting of the intrinsic muscle mass of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, one of the intrinsic muscles best viewed in the space between the thumb and the second metacarpal bone.
　　Sensory testing over the ulnar nerve distribution should include the palmar and dorsal aspects of the fourth and fifth digit, comparing the affected and non-affected sides. Such testing can be accomplished using standardized (Semmes-Weinstein) monofilaments or vibratory testing, since light touch and vibration sense are the first affected in early stages of nerve entrapment [Idler, 1996].
　　A classification of causes of cubital tunnel syndrome is described by Tetro and Pichora [1996]. Of the classification systems devised for describing the severity of cubital tunnel syndrome, that of Dellon [1989] is the most comprehensive, incorporating progression of symptoms and clinical tests of motor and sensory ulnar nerve function.

Electrodiagnostic Testing
　 　 Electrodiagnostic testing including nerve conduction velocity and electromyography should be performed whenever an entrapment neuropathy is suspected, but the severity of the clinical findings may not always correlate with the results of such testing. In addition, the proper technique and interpretation by the specialists performing these tests is of paramount importance for the evaluating physician who must decide when to refer a patient for surgery. Blair [1995] writes "the definition of cubital syndrome on the basis of absolute electrophysiologic values is of limited merit, as normal and abnormal values are technique and laboratory dependent".
　　The reader is referred to a recent comprehensive review, the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine's "Practice Parameter for Electrodiagnostic Studies in Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow" [AAEM, 1999]. This document attempts to standardize the methodology and technique for performing electrodiagnostic testing of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Its four-page summary is a useful guide in assessing the quality of electrodiagnostic testing for the clinician who refers a patient. Two of the three AAEM practice standards listed are: limb temperatures should be maintained and noted within a reference range (34 C is most commonly used), and, elbow position should be the same during electrodiagnostic stimulation and measurement of the nerve and also when comparing the patient's results with the normal values adopted by the testing laboratory. The AAEM suggests moderate elbow flexion of 70-90 from horizontal but recognizes that studies have used different elbow flexion/extension angles [AAEM, 1999]. The information provided by electrodiagnostic testing
of the ulnar nerve can help:

　　1. confirm injury to the nerve;
　　2. gauge the severity of nerve injury;
　　3. locate the site(s) of injury along the course of the nerve.

　 　Electrodiagnostic studies are useful in documenting mild to marked entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. However, the values of electrodiagnostic tests must be interpreted in the clinical context, for 65% of the population may have 10±20 m/second slowing across the elbow [Blair, 1995]. Very mild cubital tunnel syndrome is a clinical diagnosis based on practitioner experience [Blair, 1995]. Comparison of the affected and unaffected limbs (if the condition is not bilateral) could also prove useful for reaching an accurate diagnosis. A review paper by Hilburn [1996] provides an excellent overview of the use of electrodiagnostic studies in the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome as does a textbook by Preston and Shapiro [1998]. Once it is clear that the ulnar nerve is probably involved in the injury process, referral to an experienced specialist in electrophysiologic testing is warranted for the reasons listed above. In addition, the specialist can select, from among the various nerve conduction testing parameters available, those appropriate for the patient.

Treatment
　　 The treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome is generally based on assessment of (1) the severity of symptoms and sensory or motor impairment upon presentation of the patient and (2) the duration of symptoms and nerve function impairment. In mild or moderate cubital tunnel syndrome a minimum of six months of non-surgical, conservative (medical) management is suggested before considering surgery [Idler, 1996]. Surgical intervention is generally recommended for severe sensory or motor impairment [Idler, 1996; Tetro and Pichora, 1996]. However, there is less agreement in the literature on the best method of initial treatment for moderate cubital tunnel syndrome, based on less successful outcomes compared to mild neuropathy. Medical monitoring of patients at 1±3 month intervals is warranted, which should include assessment of symptoms, signs of nerve impairment and compliance with treatment recommendations. If no improvement is seen or the clinical condition deteriorates, electrodiagnostic retesting is recommended by most authors and operative intervention should be considered [Tetro and Pichora, 1996].
　 　Non-surgical management of the cubital tunnel syndrome should include modification of inciting exposures and activities at work and at home. Extreme elbow flexion should be avoided at home and at work. Patients frequently benefit from use of an elbow splint. The elbow should be splinted in elbow extension which limits flexion to no greater than 45 but does not apply direct pressure to the nerve [Sailer, 1996]. Splints should be used at night even in the absence of nighttime paresthesias noted upon awakening. During the day, elbow pads may be used to protect the ulnar nerve within the ulnar groove from direct pressure or trauma. Use of elbow padding and night splinting is suggested for a trial of at least three months. In severe cases, daytime splinting may be tried [Idler, 1996]. Additionally, for more chronic and severe cases of cubital tunnel syndrome, physical or occupational hand therapy should be performed.
　　Authors differ over the time from the onset of symptoms for which adequate conservative measures are to be tried before surgery should be considered in patients who present with mild or moderate cubital tunnel syndrome, but it ranges from six months [Idler, 1996] to one year [Tetro and Pichora, 1996]. Dellon et al. [1993] have found that a high percentage (89%) of patients with "mild, intermittent disease were successfully treated nonoperatively, whereas only 38% of those with moderate disease(persistent paresthesias, muscle weakness, abnormal two-point discrimination [less than 10 mm] were successfully managed conservatively." Urbaniak [1991] recommends a trial of conservative measures in patients with the following findings: "(1) early symptoms, intermittent episodes; (2) mild paresthesias without significant pain; (3) minimal physical findings (slight numbness), with normal motor examination.'' He suggests operative exploration without a trial of conservative treatment in those with "severe findings of weakness, decreased two-point discrimination, and electromyographic evidence of denervation potentials..."[Tetro and Pichora, 1996].
　　 The medical literature varies on the most appropriate operative procedure for the different subtypes of cubital tunnel syndrome. Basically, releasing constrictions at all affected sites along the nerve in the elbow region is one surgical option (simple decompression), and changing the position of the nerve to the front of the elbow (anterior transposition) is the second major category of operation, with variations used within each category. Needless to say, there is debate over the best operative procedure to be used, and the reader can refer to the reference article by Tetro and Pichora for a discussion of the different operative procedures.
　　It is important to modify ergonomic risk factors associated with ulnar nerve entrapment flexion (greater than 45), repetitive elbow flexion, and forceful exertions of the wrist, forearm or elbow.

Sickness

主訴:
　S: Numbness over left ring finger and little finger, medial aspect of forearm for about 3 days.
　　No trama history.
　　Neck pain.
　O: Multiple tender points with taut bands over neck region.
　　hypoesthesia over Lt C8/T1 dermatomes.

診斷:
　Ulnar nerve compression.
　頸椎椎間盤疾患併脊髓病變
　神經痛, 神經炎及神經根炎